Scientific Reccommendations for Roebuck Springs
Science-based Recommendations for the Near- and Long-term Survival of the Watercress Darter (Etheostoma nuchale) in Roebuck Springs, Birmingham Alabama. Dr. R. Scot Duncan1, Dr. Bernard R. Kuhajda2, Brook Fluker2, Dr. Larry Davenport3, Dr. William (Mike) Howell3, Dr. Ken R. Marion4, and Dr. Robert A. Stiles3 October 3, 2008 1 Birmingham-Southern College, Department of Biology 2 University of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences 3 Samford University, Department of Biology 4 University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology
Science‐based Recommendations for the
Near‐ and Long‐term Survival
of the
Watercress Darter (Etheostoma nuchale) in
Roebuck Springs, Birmingham Alabama
Dr. R. Scot Duncan1, Dr. Bernard R.
Kuhajda2, Brook Fluker2, Dr. Larry
Davenport3, Dr. William (Mike) Howell3, Dr.
Ken R. Marion4, and Dr. Robert A. Stiles3
October 3, 2008
1 Birmingham‐Southern College, Department of Biology
2 University of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences
3 Samford University, Department of Biology
4 University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology
Recommendations for E. nuchale survival in Roebuck Springs
Science‐based Recommendations for the Near‐ and Long‐term Survival of the
Watercress Darter (Etheostoma nuchale) in Roebuck Springs, Birmingham
Alabama
Purpose: On Friday, September 19, 2008, a dam at the base of the Roebuck Springs
pool was removed by the City of Birmingham. Its removal resulted in the death of
an estimated 11,760 federally endangered Watercress Darters. The Roebuck
Springs population of E. nuchale is one of only four native populations of the
species, and is genetically distinct from these other populations. Ten days after the
dam breach (September 29, 2008), six scientific experts on E. nuchale (the authors
of this report)1 from various local colleges and universities convened to consider
what measures are needed to restore and protect the Roebuck Springs population
in the near‐ and long‐term. During our meeting, we surveyed the entire length of
the Roebuck Springs run and noted existing and potential threats to the population.
In addition, we also discussed solutions to mitigate these threats and ensure the
long‐term survival of the species through habitat management and restoration. The
following report summarizes our findings. These recommendations are based on
the best science available for this species of fish and its habitat requirements. It is
our hope that these recommendations will be used to inform decision‐makers on
how to best protect this unique population. Our scientific team is available for
explaining any of these recommendations to stakeholders, agency personnel, and
the public.
Our recommendations are divided into two categories, those that need attention as
part of the immediate response to the draining of the spring pool, and those that
are important but not necessarily urgent.
Note that we refer to the spring pool as all formerly wetted areas above the tennis
courts prior to dewatering of this area on September 19th. We refer to the spring
run as all sections below the pool and before the confluence with Village Creek.
1 Dr. Stiles was unable to attend but has participated in the development of this report.
2




Recommendations for E. nuchale survival in Roebuck Springs
Figure 1. Map of Roebuck Springs, Birmingham, AL, and geographical and physical
features important to the conservation of the Watercress Darter (Etheostoma nuchale).
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Recommendations for E. nuchale survival in Roebuck Springs
Immediate Actions to Secure Surviving Etheostoma nuchale in the Spring Pool:
I.
Crayfish Control:
a. Problem: Crayfish mortality directly resulting from the dam breach was minimal, and
now the existing wetland supports high densities of the exotic Virile Crayfish, Orconectes
virilis. Because of lack of habitat and cover, crayfish and E. nuchale are found in high
densities in the few remaining areas where vegetation and other cover is present. Our
team witnessed crayfish attempting predation on E. nuchale during our visit. On 22‐Sept‐
2008, we collected 30 small, 48 medium, and 16 large E. nuchale (94 total) in 3 seining
efforts. On 29‐Sept‐2008, we collected 9 small, 49 medium, and 10 large E. nuchale (68
total) in 3 seining efforts. These results suggest that small E. nuchale may be rapidly
decreasing due to the approximate 1:1 ratio of crayfish (N = 67) to E. nuchale (N = 68)
present on 29‐Sept.
b. Solution: Immediately increase the amount of crayfish trapping and permanently remove
trapped crayfish from the spring pool. Crayfish trapping should be conducted especially
wherever there are patches of Fontinalis or other vegetation, or cover that provide
shelter for the crayfish and E. nuchale. Trapping should continue until crayfish densities
decline substantially, and/or more vegetative cover is provided for E. nuchale in the
spring pool.
II.
Temporary Dam Maintenance:
a. Problem: The sandbag temporary dam is a relatively unstable structure that may fail in
the event of a strong rain storm. Failure of the temporary dam could result in many of
the same negative consequences witnessed with the recent destruction of the dam by the
city.
b. Solution: The sand bag dam should be monitored daily for the first few weeks, then
several times a week thereafter. Whenever there is the threat of heavy rain in the area,
the dam needs to be monitored during and after the rainfall event. Sandbags should be
filled and ready for use should there be the need for emergency reconstruction. A phone
list of volunteers and others who can come out to help restore the dam during the storm
should be organized.
III.
Permanent Dam Construction:
a. Problem: We agree that the removed/breached dam had created abundant valuable
habitat for the E. nuchale in the spring pool, and that a dam is needed to raise water
levels. We agree this should be done gradually, with monitoring of the water quality as
water levels are raised and as seasonal changes occur in the spring pool (this is already
being done). However, we have several related concerns about the dam. Dams can
provide significant (if not absolute) barriers to up‐stream E. nuchale migration within the
population. This is important because previous sampling yielded high numbers of E.
nuchale downstream from the dam (all the way to the confluence with Village Creek).
The resulting isolation of the spring pool population puts this portion of the population at
risk from genetic “bottleneck” effects (e.g., genetic drift, inbreeding depression) that
reduce genetic diversity. Negative bottleneck impacts on populations are most acute
following major reductions in population size as we have just witnessed due to the dam
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Recommendations for E. nuchale survival in Roebuck Springs
breach; such effects are known to contribute to the long term demise of isolated
populations.
b. Solution:
i. What is needed is a dam that raises water levels but allows for E. nuchale
migration upstream. None of us are experts on how to create ‘fish friendly’ dams
for small fishes, but we think that a series of low dams (e.g., 1‐ft high) may work
nicely. Fish‐friendly dam designs may already have been developed for other
similar situations. Such a series of dams would reduce the overall spring pool
volume and habitat area, but would allow for more shallow vegetated areas, thus
reducing the risk of predation by crayfish and larger predatory fish species.
ii. However, the 55 meters of stream in the culvert below the tennis courts is a
second significant barrier to upstream migration. For a fish‐friendly dam to
provide benefit to the spring pool population of E. nuchale, the problem of the
tennis courts as a barrier must also be solved (the problem of the tennis courts
and potential solutions are discussed in more detail below). Even if the tennis
courts are not relocated in the near‐term, a fish friendly dam should be
established simply because the life of the dam will likely surpass that of the tennis
courts. When the courts have aged and are no longer of use, or, if the courts are
destroyed by future floods (as occurred several years ago), there will be an
opportunity to restore the stream that is now in the culvert, thereby reconnecting
the population of the spring pool to the populations downstream. Installing a fish‐
friendly dam in place now is a measure to prepare for the day the courts are
relocated.
iii. A fish‐friendly dam will likely be “beaver‐friendly” and allow beavers to
reconstruct beaver dams on top of the new dam. We suggest that once beavers
are detected in the spring pool, the beavers should be trapped and relocated. The
loss of beavers may result in the encroachment of woody vegetation into the
wetland, but periodic hand‐thinning of woody vegetation in the wetland would
mitigate this problem.
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Recommendations for E. nuchale survival in Roebuck Springs
Recommended Actions to Protect and Restore Habitat for E. nuchale in the
Spring Run.
I.
Tennis Courts as Barrier to Migration
a. Problem: E. nuchale now inhabit all areas of the spring pool and its run to the confluence
with Village Creek. The tennis courts are a very significant barrier to upstream and
downstream migration for E. nuchale within the entire population. While some fish may
be swept down stream during floods, it is the consensus of the team that no or very few
fish will ever swim upstream through the approximately 55 meters of underground storm
water pipe. An important consideration is that the tennis courts provide a valuable
recreational activity for local citizens.
b. Solution. Several solutions exist that can help ensure the survival of the species and
maintain recreational opportunities for citizens.
i. Scenario 1: Assuming the new dam is designed to allow E. nuchale migration
upstream, relocate the tennis courts. Several options exist. A) Create new courts
elsewhere on the property where their presence does not threaten E. nuchale,
and they are not vulnerable to flooding. B) Reduce the number of courts from
four to two. Current courts are removed, with a new pair of courts constructed on
the north end of the area currently occupied by the courts (thereby reducing the
number of courts from four to two). The outflow from the spring pool is then
diverted into a restored section of stream which connects with the spring run
where it currently emerges from under the courts. C) shift two of the courts
northward, and two southward, allowing the stream to be restored in a section
between the courts. Any of these solutions would provide much needed
connectivity, and still provide recreational tennis for the public.
ii. Scenario 2. Allow tennis courts to remain until the next time they are destroyed
by flooding.
1. Once destroyed, follow guidelines in scenario 1, above.
2. Until the time when connectivity is established, translocate 300 E. nuchale
from downstream stream sections into the spring pool every year to
maintain gene flow.
iii. Scenario 3. Completely remove tennis courts and build new ones elsewhere.
Restore stream as described above.
iv. Note: we do not support the complete removal of tennis courts without new ones
provided in their place. Such action would undoubtedly engender strong resentful
sentiments in many current tennis court users.
II.
Storm water Feed into Spring Pool
a. Problem: A storm water drain empties into the spring pool from off‐site. This storm
water is the probable source that causes flooding in the spring pool and occasionally
floods the tennis courts. This conduit was the source of toxins in the past, and could be
the source of toxins now or in the future.
b. Solution:
i. Best case scenario: Ensure that the spring pool is fed only by spring water. Re‐
engineer this portion of the storm water system to divert storm water elsewhere.
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Recommendations for E. nuchale survival in Roebuck Springs
Do not allow this storm water to enter the spring pool at all, nor sections of the
Roebuck springs run or its sole tributary.
ii. Alternatively, install storm water filtering technology to clean storm water before
it reaches spring pool.
III.
Spring Run is Underground below Entrance and Exit to Hawkins Recreational Center.
a. Problem: Stream is underground for ~ 65 meters below the entrance and exit roads
connecting the Hawkins Recreational Center with the street. This presents another
barrier to gene flow and migration of E. nuchale and other species in the stream, and
reduces the overall amount of habitat in the stream.
b. Solution:
i. Daylight the stream in this section and restore habitat.
ii. Build a road bridge connecting Hawkins Recreational Center to the street.
Combine the entrance and exit to the parking area into one bridge (exit and
entrance are currently two separate drives).
iii. If a culvert is used for the bridge, design and place it so that it allows migration of
E. nuchale and other organisms upstream.
iv. Until the time this section is restored, translocate 300 E. nuchale from
downstream stream sections into the spring run above the Hawkins Recreational
Center entrance/exit every year to maintain gene flow.
IV.
A Second Dam as Barrier to Gene Flow:
a. Problem: The second dam downstream from the spring (Lat: 33°34'52.08"N, Long:
86°42'45.35"W) (and below the Hawkins Recreational Center parking area) is another
impediment to upstream migration and gene flow. The dam provides passage of golf
carts and pedestrians across stream. The dam also supports a pool between it and the
entrance/exit to Hawkins Recreational Center parking lot.
b. Solution:
i. Remove current dam and replace it with a dam that provides for upstream
migration of E. nuchale.
ii. Re‐route golf cart traffic across a new bridge in its place, if said bridge is truly
necessary for golf users.
iii. Until then connectivity is restored, translocate 300 E. nuchale from downstream
stream sections into the pool above the dam every year to maintain gene flow.
V.
Storm water From Hawkins Recreational Center
a. Problem: Storm water from the Hawkins Recreational Center, especially the parking lot,
is degrading the stream habitat. Storm water channeled to the parking lot creates flash
flooding in the stream. Flash flooding causes stream incision, bank instability, and loss of
aquatic vegetation habitat for the E. nuchale. Storm water also carries toxins leaked from
cars onto parking lot.
b. Solutions:
i. Channel storm water from parking lot through filtering mechanisms (e.g.,
Baysaver technologies) before it reaches stream filter sediment, oils, and other
pollutants before it reaches stream.
ii. Remove parking spaces immediately adjacent to stream, and replace with
vegetative buffer to protect stream bank and help filter storm water before it
reaches stream.
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Recommendations for E. nuchale survival in Roebuck Springs
VI.
Vulnerability of Spring Run to Catastrophic Dangers:
a. Problem: All existing E. nuchale habitat at Roebuck Springs is restricted to one channel
downstream from the spring. A large chemical spill at a point near the spring pool could
threaten all E. nuchale downstream. There is no currently no reserve population at this
site, although the reserve population of E. nuchale at Tapawingo/Penny Springs was
stocked from Roebuck Springs.
b. Solution:
i. The water from a spring to the south of I‐59 (we believe this is Wilson Springs)
feeds a tributary that enters the golf course and Roebuck Springs stream from the
south. Fish were numerous in the stream, including Micropterus, Gambusia, and
Campostoma. We believe the quality of this tributary could be improved to
support E. nuchale. This would provide a secondary population that would be
protected in the event of a chemical spill upstream in the Roebuck spring pool or
spring run.
ii. While this tributary is spring fed, it does receive storm water, which is likely the
source of scour and bank instability that we observed. Banks should be stabilized,
storm water feeding the stream should be cleaned, storm water flow during flash
floods should be slowed with barriers that do not impede fish migration, and
aquatic vegetation favored by E. nuchale should be established.
iii. Note that in previous years, the owner of Wilson Springs used Bluestone (copper
sulfate) in the spring pool to kill algae and plant life. It is believed that the use of
this chemical is why this tributary never supported E. nuchale in the past. When
approached years ago, the owner was adamant that he would not stop using
these chemicals. The owner is now deceased. It is possible that the current
owners may respond more favorably to discussions about ceasing the use of
chemicals in Wilson springs and its stream. Perhaps a deal could be made and a
conservation easement established for the land owner.
iv. Note also that E. nuchale have populated the Roebuck Springs run below the
confluence with the Wilson Spring tributary. Thus, any use of chemicals in Wilson
Springs has the potential to negatively affect E. nuchale in the lower reaches of
Roebuck Springs run. There may be policies or regulations that apply to the
management of this spring now that E. nuchale’s presence is established below
Wilson Springs.
VII.
Bank Instability along Spring Run through Golf Course.
a. Problem: In some sections of the stream between the second and third dam, storm
water flash floods are eroding the banks. From what some of us observed in our survey,
bank instability may have led to the loss of pedestrian and golf cart routes, and total area
in adjacent golf fairways (Hawkins Recreational Center staff would know more about
this). Eroded sediment contributes to habitat loss and degradation for the E. nuchale and
other species in sections downstream.
b. Solution:
i. Where possible, plant native trees and shrubs in buffer zones alongside steam.
Roots from trees will help stabilize the banks. Native trees are recommended as
they nicely cope with local climate conditions and provide habitat for native
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Recommendations for E. nuchale survival in Roebuck Springs
wildlife. Our team could provide information on which species would be
appropriate.
ii. Where trees would obstruct the fairway, plant shrubs and keep them pruned so
they do not obstruct golfing.
iii. Note: There is an absence of younger replacement trees throughout the golf
course. As the current population of adult trees die or are blown down by storms,
they will not be replaced. There has already been a net loss of mature trees as
evidenced by stumps throughout the area we surveyed. We recommend that
plantings of native tree species be done along fairways wherever existing trees are
found.
VIII.
Limited Stakeholder Awareness of E. nuchale’s Presence in Roebuck Springs:
a. Problem: Information about E. nuchale and its what is necessary for its management is
not readily available to the administration and guards at VACCA and, obviously, the
administrators of Hawkins Recreational Center. These people play an essential role in the
protection of E. nuchale. They need to know who to call and how to respond to a
situation that may jeopardize the E. nuchale and its habitat.
b. Solutions: Provide administrators and staff of both VACCA and Hawkins Recreational
Center with a list of emergency contacts to call if they observe or suspect a real or
potential threat to the spring and the spring run. Contact information for emergency
situations should list city, county, state, and federal agencies. Contact information for
questions about E. nuchale, wetlands, and streams could include any of the authors of
this document. Educational workshops and could be organized and pamphlets written
for administrators and employees of VACCA and Hawkins Recreational Center.
IX.
Limited Public Awareness of E. nuchale’s Presence in Roebuck Springs:
a. Problem: Few citizens of the surrounding neighborhood know about E. nuchale’s
presence and the importance of this species. Some of these citizens could be helpful in
informing the State or USFWS if they suspect or know of a threat to the population
b. Solution: More obvious signage at the site would increase the public’s awareness and
may help prevent or limit future catastrophes. In addition, signage and engagement with
the community could spark within some citizens a sense of pride regarding the presence
of the fish in their community as is already seen with the local community group, Friends
of Village Creek. We are not concerned about collectors finding out about the site and
the fish via signage because information advertising its presence is readily found on the
internet. Signage should be non‐threatening, and engender within citizens a desire to
help ensure the species persists. Make it clear that golfers should feel free to retrieve
golf balls from the stream (our team does not think this would create any negative
impacts).
X.
Multi‐Stakeholder Ownership of the Spring and its Pool.
a. Problem: Neither of the entities that own the land surrounding the spring pool and
stream is qualified to manage the spring for the benefit of E. nuchale. Ownership of the
spring pool places the owners in a vulnerable position of liability as is obvious with the
current crisis.
b. Solution: Ownership of the spring pool and surrounding land should be transferred to a
local or national conservation land trust organization that can manage the spring and its
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Recommendations for E. nuchale survival in Roebuck Springs
pool in ways that benefit E. nuchale. Similar outcomes may be achievable through the
use of conservation easements.
XI.
Use of Herbicides of Pesticides.
a. Problem: Weed and pest control is an on‐going aspect of maintaining Hawkins
Recreational Center and, especially, the golf course. Many herbicides used to control
unwanted vegetation in the near wetlands and streams can kill aquatic plants or retard
aquatic plant growth. Aquatic vegetation is the most important habitat requirement for
E. nuchale, thus, the use of herbicides at the facility is in conflict with the habitat needs of
the fish. Signs stating that pesticides should not be used within 25ft of the spring run are
in the area near Hawkins Recreational Center and immediately downstream, but no signs
are found downstream where darters are also present. Pesticide use also threatens E.
nuchale, as pesticides in aquatic environments can kill aquatic insects and other
invertebrates on which the darter feeds.
b. Solution: The “no use zone” for herbicides and pesticides should be extended down the
spring run until the confluence with Village Creek. Establishment of riparian habitat
along the stream bank will reduce or eliminate the need for weed control near the
stream.
XII.
Relict Creosote Telephone Poles in Spring Pool
a. Problem: At least two creosote telephone poles remain in the spring pool. Creosote is a
known toxin to vertebrates.
b. Solution: Remove these poles.
XIII.
Possible Chemical Storage Near Stream.
a. Problem: The storage of chemicals near the stream presents a potential threat to the
population. We have no first‐hand knowledge of chemical storage at VACCA nor Hawkins
Recreational Center, but there is a storage house several meters away from the stream
just downstream from the Hawkins’s Recreational Center parking lot.
b. Solution: Hawkins Recreational Center should store any chemicals (e.g., pesticides,
herbicides, fungicides) far away from the stream, in a location where drainage is away
from Roebuck Springs pool and run.
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